Four Hills Preserve

Atriplex canescens (Four Wing Saltbush)
Ceratoides lanata (Winterfat)
Chamaebatiaria millefolium (Fern Bush)
Cowania mexicana (Cliff Rose)
Ephedra nevadensis (Mormon Tea)
Fallugia paradoxa (Apache Plume)
Forestiera neomexicana (New Mexican Olive)
Juniperus monosperma (One Seed Juniper)
Juniperus osteosperma (Utah Juniper)
Juglans major 'Arizonica' (Arizona Walnut)
Lycium pallidum (Rabbit Thorn)
Pinus ponderosa (Ponderosa Pine)
Pinus edulis (Colorado Pinyon Pine)
Populus angustifolia (Narrowleaf Cottonwood)
Rhus trilobata (Three-leaf Sumac)
Ribes cereum (Wax Current)
Rosa arizonica (Arizona Rose)
Symphoricarpus rotundifolius (Snowberry)
Tetradymia canescens (Gray Feltthorn)

Annuals

Aster tanacetifolium (Tansy-leaf Aster)
Cleome serrulata (Rocky Mt. Bee Plant)
Cordylanthus parviflorus (Club Flower)
Descurania richardsonii (Tansy Mustard)
Salvia retusus (annual blue Salvia)

Grasses

Achnatherum hymenoides (Indian Ricegrass)
Bouteloua curtipendula (Side-Oats Gama)
Bouteloua gracilis (Blue Gama)
Deschampsia caespitosa (Tufted Hairgrass)
Elymus elymoides (Squirrel Tail)
Muhlenbergia porteri (Bush Muhly)
Sporobolus airoides (Alkali sacaton)
Sporobolus cryptandrus (Sand Dropseed)
Stipa comata (Needle and Thread)
Stipa aristida (Three-Awn)

Yuccas and Cacti

Coryphantha vivipara var. arizonica (Beehive Cactus)
Echinocereus triglochidiatus (Claret Cup Cactus)
Echinocereus pectinatus (Rainbow Hedgehog)
Echinocereus engelmannii (Stawberry Hedgehog)
Nolina microcarpa (Bear Grass)
Opuntia engelmannii (Engelmann's Prickly Pear)
Opuntia whipplei (Whipple Cholla)
Yucca angustifolia (Spanish Dagger)
Yucca baccata (Banana Yucca)

Abronia villosa (Sand verbena)
Androstephium breviflorum (Funnel Lily)
Arenaria fendleri (Fendler's Sandwort)
Argemone pleiacantha (Prickly Poppy)
Artemisia frigida (Fringed Sage)
Asclepias linaria (Pine Needle Milkweed)
Asclepias latifolia (Corn-Kernel Milkweed)
Asclepias asperula (Inmortal)
Aster hirtifolius (Baby Aster)
Calylophus hartwegii (Hartweg Evening Primrose)
Castilleja chromosa (Desert Paintbrush)
Chamaesaracha coronopus (Small Groundcherry)
Cirsium arizonicum (Arizona Thistle)
Cirsium neomexicanum (New Mexico Thistle)
Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Rubber Rabbitbrush)
Clematis ligusticifolia (Old Man's Beard)
Datura meteloides (Sacred Datura)
Delphinium nelsonii (Nelson's Larkspur)
Erigeron speciosa (Fleabane)
Fragaria ovalis (Wild Strawberry)
Gaura coccinea (Scarlet Gaura)
Gaura parviflora (Lizard-Tail)
Hymenopappus filifolius (Fineleaf Woolywhite)
Guttierrezia sarothrae (Broom Snakeweed)
Hedeoma oblongifolium (Mock-pennyroyal)
Heterotheca villosa (Hairy False Goldenaster)
Lepidium montanum (Western Pepperweed)
Lesquerella arizonica (Arizona Bladderpod)
Linum neomexicanum (New Mexican Yellow Flax)
Lippia incisa (Frog Fruit)
Lomatium foeniculaceum (Buscuit Root)
Machaeranthera canescens (Purple Aster)
Mahonia repens (Creeping Mahonia)
Menodora scabra (Yellow Menodora)
Mirabilis multiflora (Colorado Four O'Clock)
Mirabilis linearis (Ribbon Four O'clock)
Nicotiana trigonophylla (Desert Tobacco)
Oenothera caespitosa (Stemless Primrose)
Penstemon eatonii (Firecracker Penstemon)
P. linarioides (Narrowleaf Penstemon)
P. barbatus (Scarlet Penstemon)
Phlox diffusa (Spreading Phlox)
Phlox woodhousei (Woodhouse's Phlox)
Psilostrophe tagetina (Paperflower)
Senecio douglasii (Threadleaf Groundsel)
Solanum jamesii (Wild Potato)
Sphaeralcea parvifolia (Littleleaf Globemallow)
Verbena bipinnatifida (Dakota Verbena)
Viguiera multiflora (Many Flowered Goldeneye)
Zinnia grandiflora (Prairie Zinnia)

Install your plants when alternative deer-browse is most plentiful. When food is scarce (late Summer in California, pre-Monsoon in Arizona) deer will browse plants that are toxic or harmful to them. Some plants offer edible growth in spring but back it up with thorns or toxins to limit the depth of the browsing damage (ex. Eleagnus pungens). Deer also may browse a well-hydrated, nursery-fresh plant that would not attract them as a dry, dusty specimen.

Anisodontea capensis
Arctostaphylos sp.
Artemesia sp.
Baccharis pillularis
Ballota pseudodictamnus
Berberis darwinii, thunbergii var's.
Brugmansia sp.
Caesaplinia gilliesii, pulcherimma
Callistemon sp.
Calluna sp. (Scoth Heath)
Cassia artemesioides
Ceaonothus sp. - mainly small-leaved varieties ('Dark Star')
Ceratostigma griffithii, willmottianum
Chaenomeles sp. - (only the thorny var's.
    eg. 'Toyo Nishiki')
Choisya ternata
Cistus salviifolia, incanus, var. 'Sunset'
Coleonema pulchrum 'Danny's Select', 'Sunset gold'
Coprosma kirkii, and 'Coppershine'
Corokia cotoneaster
Correa pulchella
Cotoneaster dammeri, horizontalis, lacteus
Daboecia cantabrica
Daphne odora
Dendromecon harfordii, rigida
Dodonaea viscosa
Eleagnus pungens
Erica sp. - heaths
Euryops pectinatus, viridis
Fatsia japonica
Feijoa sellowiana
Fremontodnedron sp.
Grevillia canberra, noelli, 'Robyn Gordon'
Hypericum beanii
Ilex aquifolium
Itea illicifolia
Juniperus sp.
Lagerstroemia indica
Lantana montevidensis
Laurea tridentata - Creosote Bush
Lauropetalum chinensis
Lavatera maritima, thuringiaca
Lavandula angustifolia, intermedia, dentata, stoechas
Leptospermum scoparium, laevigatum
Mahonia aquifolium, repens
Melaleuca sp.
Melianthus major
Myrsine africanus
Myrtus communis ('compacta' is better)
Nandina domestica
Nerium oleander
Osmanthus heterophyllus
Penstemon heterophylla, gloxinioides, parryi, pinifolius
Phlomis fruticosa
Pieris sp.
Pittosporum tobira 'Wheeler's Dwarf'
Plumbago auriculata
Podocarpus gracilor
Prostanthera sp.
Prunus illicifolia, laurocerasus
Pyracantha sp. (the thornier the better)
Rhamnus alaternus, californica
Rhaphiolepsis indica, umbellata
Rhododendrons sp. (the shorter, more resinous ones
    work best eg. impeditum, 'Ramapo')
Rhus typhina, t. 'Lacianata'
Romneya coulteri
Rosa rugosa (The only rose on the list.)
Rosemarinus officinalis
Salvia apiana, chamaedryoides,clevelandii,
    greggii, leucanthe, leucophyllum,
    microphylla, sonomensis, uliginosa
Santolina sp.
Sarcococca ruscifolia
Sollya heterophylla
Tecomeria capensis
Teucrium fruticans
Thymus vulgaris
Trichostema lanatum
Viburnum davidii
Vinca major, minor
Vitex agnus-castus
Westringia fruticosa
Zauschneria cana

Ground Covers

Asarum caudatum
Ajuga reptans
Aegopodium podagraria 'Variegata'
Cerastium tomentosum
Gazania sp.
Juniperus horizontalis, wiltonii
Mentha requienii (Corsican mint)
Monardella macrantha
Myoporum parvifolium
Ophiopogon japonicus 'Nana'
Oxalis oreganum
Rosemarinus officinalis 'Prostrata'
Rubus calycinoides
Sagina subulata
Sarcococca humilis
Sempervivums sp.
Scaevola 'Mauve Clusters'
Sedum spathulifolium, 'Vera Jameson, spurium
Stachys byzantina 'Silver Carpet'
Thymus serphyllum var's.
Verbena peruviana, Tapien var's.
Veronica alioni, peduncularis 'Georgia blue',
   'Waterperry'
Viola labradorica

Cacti

All thorny cacti are sure bets in any deer garden.
Note: Deer may eat the fruits, flowers and young joints
of cacti in the genus Opuntia (Beaver-tail, Prickly Pear types).

Aconitum sp.
Asclepias tuberosa, curassavica
Aurinia saxatilla
Arctotis sp.
Arctotheca sp.
Armeria maritima
Bergenia cordifolia
Brachycome multifida
Brunerra macrophylla
Chrysanthemum maximum
Centranthus ruber
Cardoon
Ceratostigma plumbaginoides
Delphinium sp.
Digitalis purpurea, mertonensis
Dicentra eximia
Erigeron karwinskianus
Eriogonum umbellatum
Eryngium amethystina
Erysium 'Bowles Mauve'
Epimedium sp.
Euphorbia sp.
Foeniculum vulgare 'Bronze Fennel'
Heleborus sp.
Iberis sempervirens
Limonium latifolium, perezii
Lithodora diffusa
Lobelia cardinalis
Lychnis coronaria
Melampodium leucanthum
Nicotiana sylvestris, trigonophylla
Myosotis scorpioides
Nepeta faasenii, cataria
Nigella damascena
Oenothera berlanderi, stubbei
Oreganum dictamnus, leavigatum 'Herrenhausen'
    and 'Hopley's Purple'
Osteospermum sp.
Perovskia filicifolia
Petunia sp.
Portulaca
Rehmania elata
Ricinis communis (Castor Bean)
Ruta gravaeolens
Salvia officinallis, nemerosa
Satureja douglasii
Scaevola 'Blue Wonder'
Sedum spectabile
Stachys byzantina
Tanacetum vulgare
Trachelium caeruleum
Trichostema lanatum
Tweedia caeruleum
Vancouveria sp.
Verbascum chaixii, bombyciferum, phoenicium
Verbena rigida, bonariensis
Vinca major, minor
Zauschneria californica 'Etteri'
Zinnia angustifolia, elegans

Bulbs, Grass-like and
Strap-leaved Plants

Amaryllis belladonna
Anigozanthos sp.
Aristea ecklonii
Aspidistra elatior
Astelia chathamica
Bulbinella floribunda
Cannas
Chondropetalum tectorum
Cordyline australis
Crocosmia sp.
Dasylirion longissima, wheeleri (Bear Grasses)
Dianella tasmanica, intermedia
Dietes vegata, iridioides
Equisetum sp.
Galanthus elwesii, nivalis
Kniphofia sp.
Hesperaloe parviflora
Hemerocallis var's.
Hyacinthus sp.
Ipheon uniflorum
Iris douglasiana, and Bearded var's.
Juncus patens, effusus (Bull-rushes)
Libertia peregrinans
Liriope muscari var's.
Muscari armeniacum
Narcissus sp. (daffodils)
Phormium sp.
Scilla sp.
Tulbaghia violacea
Xanthorrhoea sp.
Yucca sp.

Ornamental Grasses
Deer have little tolerance for the
high silica content of most grasses.

Achnatherum sp.
Alopecurus pratensis
Ammophila sp.
Andropogon sp.
Bouteloua sp.
Briza sp.
Calamagrostis sp.
Carex sp. - particularly the wirey, New Zealand var's.
    (eg. comans, flagellifera, testacea)
Chasmanthium latifolium
Cortaderia sp.
Deschampsia sp.
Elymus sp.
Festuca sp.
Hakonechloa macra
Helictotrichon sempervirens (Blue Oat grass)
Koeleria sp.
Leymus sp.
Melica ciliata
Miscanthus sp.
Molinia sp.
Muhlenbergia sp. ("deer-grasses")
Nasella sp.
Panicum sp.
Pennisetum sp.
Saccharum sp.
Schizachyrium sp.
Sesleria sp.
Sorghastrum sp.
Sporobolus heterolepsis
Stipa sp.
Uncinia sp.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Antennaria dioica
Cerastium tomentosum
Delosperma nubigeum
Eriogonum umbellatum
Fragaria ovalis*
Gazania linearis var. Colorado Gold
Gnaphalium var. Fairy Gold
Herniaria glabra
Nepeta faaseni
Phlox subulata
Sedum sieboldii
Teucrium chamaedrys
Thymus serphyllum cultivars
Thymus var. Doonsebury
Veronica pectinata
Veronica prostrata

Perennial Groundcovers (PS,SH)

Aegopodium podagraria var. Variegatum
Ajuga reptans
Alchemilla mollis
Bergenia crassifolia, cordifolia
Cornus canadensis
Epimedium versicolor
Galium odoratum
Mahonia repens*
Pachysandra terminalis
Sagina subulata
Viola canadensis*, labradorica

Blooming Perennials

Achillea millefolium* S
Agastache fortunei PS,SH
Ajuga reptans PS,SH
Alcea rosea S
Aquilegia caerulea*, chrysantha*, formosa PS,SH
Asclepias capricornu*, incarnata, lanceolata,
    latifolia*, speciosa*, subverticillata*,
    tuberosa* S,PS
Aster alpinus, commutatus*, ericoides, hirtifolius*,
    tanacetifolius*, frikartii vars. Monch,
    Bills Big Blue S,PS
Aubrieta deltoides S
Aurinia saxatilis S
Boltonia asteroides S
Callirhoe involucrata* S,PS
Campanula glomerata, persicifolius, poscharskyana
    PS,SH
Caryopteris clandonensis, incana S
Centranthus ruber S,PS
Ceratostigma plumbaginoides SH,PS,S
Cimicifuga arizonica* SH
Corydalis aurea, cheilanthifolia SH
Coryopsis lanceolata S
Darmera peltata S,PS
Dicentra eximia, spectabilis SH
Digitalis mertonensis, purpureus S
Echinacaea purpurea S
Echinops exaltatus S
Epimedium versicolor SH
Erigeron formosissimus, glaucus, macranthus* S,PS
Eryngium amethystinum S
Fillipendula ulmaria, vulgaris, rubra PS,SH
Gaillardia pinnatifida*, var. Goblin S
Gaura coccinea*, lindheimeri, parviflora* S
Geum sp. S,PS
Geranium biokova, caespitosum*, richardsonii*,
    sanguineum, "Johnson's Blue"
Gypsophila paniculata, repens, cerastoides S
Helleborus feotidus, niger, orientalis SH
Helenium arizonicum*, autumnale, hoopseii* S
Helianthus maximillianii, tuberosus S
Hemerocallis sp. S,PS
Hyssopus officinalis S,PS
Ipomopsis (Gilia) aggregata var. arizonica*,
    longiflora*, multiflora* S
Knautia macedonica S,PS
Kniphofia uvaria S,PS
Lamium maculatum SH
Leucanthemum maximum S
Liatris spicata S
Linum perenne* S
Lychnis chalcedonica PS,S
Mimulus cardinalis, guttatus* PS,S
Mirabilis bigelovii*, coccineus*, comata*,
    multiflora*, oxybaphoides* S
Monarda didyma, punctata* S,PS
Nepeta faaseni, and X var. Six Hills Giant S
Nicotiana sylvestris SH,PS
Oenothera berlandieri, caespitosa, tetragona* S
Papaver orientale S
Penstemon barbatus vars. Prairie Fire*,Prairie Dusk,
    centranthifolius*, clutei*, eatonii*, pinifolius*,
    strictus* PS,S
Perovskia atriplicifolia S
Phlox paniculata, subulata S
Physostegia virginiana S,PS
Platycodon grandiflorus PS,S
Polemonium caeruleum SH,PS
Prunella vulgaris (can be invasive)* S,PS
Ratiba columnifera* S
Rodgersia sp. PS,SH
Rudbeckia nitidum* S
Ruta graveolens SH,PS
Salvia arizonica* PS, argentea,
    azurea (from local seed),
    nemerosa, officinalis, sclarea, verticillata S
Sedum sieboldii, spathulifolium, spectabile S,PS
Scutellaria alpina S
Sidalcea neomexicana* S,PS
Solidaga altissima*, canadensis, decumbens*,
    missouriensis*, multiradiata* S,PS
Spheralcea parvifolia*
Stachys byzantina, coccinea S,PS
Stokesia laevis S
Thalictrum aquilegifolium, dipterocarpum, fendleri*
    PS,SH
Tiarella cordifolia* SH
Trillium grandiflorum, ovatum SH
Trollius europaeus PS,SH
Verbena macdougalii*, rigida S
Verbascum bombyciferum var. Arctic Summer,
    chaixii, phoeniceum S
Veronica latifolia, pectinata, prostrata,
    var. Sunny Border Blue, spicata
    vars. Goodness Grows, Red Fox S
Zauschneria californica latifolia var. Etterri S

Acer grandidentata*
Amelanchier utahensis*
Crataegus crusgalli
Betula jacquemonteii, nigra, papyrifera, pendula
Carpinus caroliniana
Catalpa bignonioides
Cedrela sinensis
Celtis occidentalis, reticulata
Fagus sylvatica
Fraxinus oxycarpa var. Raywood,
    pennsylvanica var. Marshall, quadrangulata
Gingko biloba
Gleditsea triacanthos
Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)
Koelreuteria paniculata
Liriodendron tulipifera
Malus (Crabapples)
Nyssa sylvatica
Populus deltoides, nigra var. Lombardy, tremuloides*
Prunus cerasifera, sargentii, serrulata cultivars
    (mid-late season bloomers more successful)
Pyrus calleyana var. Bradford
    (Spring frosts may reduce flower show)
Quercus coccinea, gambelii*, macrocarpa*,
    palustris, robur, rubra
Robinia idahoensis var.Purple Robe,
    neomexicana*, pseudoacacia
Salix matsudana
Sophora japonica var. Regent
Tilia americana, cordata
Ulmus glabra var. Camperdownii
    (Other Elms are not recommended due to
    brittle wood, Dutch-Elm disease, and
    invasive roots and seedlings.)
Zelkova serrata

Evergreen Shade and Park Trees
    (All Conifers)

Abies concolor, grandis, koreana,
    lasiocarpa arizonica*, nobilis
Calocedrus decurrens
Cedrus atlantica, deodara, libani
Picea abies, glauca, pungens* (sp. & cultivars)
Pinus aristata*, contorta, densiflora, edulis*,
    flexilis, leucodermis, ponderosa*,
    strobus, thunbergii
Pseudotsuga menziesii var. Glauca*
Thuja occidentalis, plicata
Thujopsis dolabrata

Evergreen Screening and Hedge Plants
    (4-20+ ft. High)

Berberis buxifolia, chenaultii, veruculosa S,PS
Buxus microphylla japonica var. Emerald Beauty ,
    sempervirens S,PS
Calocedrus decurrens PS,S
Garrya flavescens*, wrightii* S
Juniperus chinensis vars. Torulosa (Hollywood j.),
    Columnaris,scopulorum
    vars. Green Ice, Wichita Blue S
Kelmia latifolia (give Winter shade) SH,PS
Mahonia aquifolium S,PS
Picea glauca var. Conica S
Pieris var. Forest Flame
    (protect from drying Winter winds) SH,PS
Pinus aristata*, edulis*, mugo, strobus var. Nana S
Prunus laurocerasus var. Schipkaenesis,
    lusitanica S,PS
Pyracantha angustifolia, coccinea,
    var. Yukon Belle S,PS
Quercus turbinella* S,PS
Rhamnus californica* (locally propagated) PS,S
Rhododendron catawbiense, maximum, PJM, SH
Taxus media var. Hicksii PS,S
Thuja occidentalis var. Emerald Green S,PS
Vaccinium parvifolium SH,PS
Viburnum rhytidophyllum
    (protect from drying Winter winds) SH,PS

Deciduous Screening and Hedge Plants
    (4-20+ft. High)

Acer ginnala S,PS
Amelanchier alnifolia, utahensis* S,PS
Aronia melancarpa S,PS
Atriplex canescens* S
Berberis thunbergii (tall cultivars) S,PS
Chaenomeles (tall cultivars) S,PS
Caragana frutex S
Ceonothus fendleri* S,PS
Cercocarpus betuloides, ledifolius*, montanus* S,PS
Chilopsis linearis* S
Chionanthes virginicus S
Chrysothamnus nauseosus* S
Cornus stolonifera* S,PS
Corylus avellana, cornuta SH,PS
Enkianthus campanulatus, cernuus SH,PS
Euonymous elata, fortunei, japonica S,PS
Fallugia paradoxa* S
Forsythia intermedia S
Forestiera neomexicana*, shrevei*
Holodiscus dumosus*
Hydrangea paniculata, macrophylla SH,PS
Ligustrum vulgare S
Lonicera fragrantissima,involucrata*,
    pileata, utahensis* S,PS
Parrotia persica S,PS
Potentilla fruticosa* S
Philadelphus microphyllus*, lewisii S,PS
Physocarpus monogynus* S,PS
Prunus besseyi, caroliniana, cistena,
    tomentosa, virginiana S,PS
Rhamnus betulaefolia*, californica* S,PS
Rhus aromatica, glabra, trilobata*, typhina S,PS
Ribes alpinum, aureum*, inebriens*, leptanthum*,
    pinetorum*, sanguineum (from local stock),
    wolfii* PS,SH
Rosa rugosa,woodsii* S,PS
Salix exigua*, purpurea* S,PS
Sambucus glauca*, racemosa* S,PS
Spirea douglasii*, prunifolia, thunbergii, vanhouttei S
Symphoricarpos albus PS,SH
Syringa chinensis, persica, vulgaris S
Viburnum buchananii cultivars, burkwoodii PS,SH

Ajuga reptans
Alcea rosea
Asarum europaeum, caudattum
Astilbes
Campanula latifolia
Chrysanthemum maximum
Doronicum
Dryoperteris cristata
Galium odoratum
Geranium sanguineum
Glechoma hederacea
Hedera - Ivy
Helianthus tuberosus
Hemerocallis sp.
Heuchera sp. (and cultivars)
Hieracium aurantiacum
Hostas
Iris siberica
Monarda didyma
Oenothera fruticosa
Osmunda cinnommea
Phlox paniculata
Polemonium caerulea
Polygonatum commutatum
Primula polyantha
Pulmonaria sp.
Sedum spectabile

Bulbs

Crocus sp.
Endymion hispanicus
Muscari botryoides
Narcissus
Scilla siberica

Trees

Acer Palmatum
Catalpa bignoides
Tsuga canadensis

Shrubs

Daphne odora
Forsythia suspensa
Hibiscus syriacus
Rhododendron Exbury Hybrids

Arctotheca calendula
Artemisia schmidtiana
Centaurea cyanus
Cosmos
Diplacus
Dietes iridioides
Erigeron karwinskianus
Eschscholzia californica
Festuca sp.
Hemerocallis sp.
Lantana montevidensis
Lobularia maritima
Myosotis sylvatica
Oenothera sp.
Santolina sp.
Stachys byzantina
Trapaeolum majus
Verbena sp.
Zauschneria californica

Amaryllis belladonna
Crocosmia crocosmiiflora
Iris douglasiana, bearded or other drought-tolerant ones
Narcissus sp.
Tulipa sp.

Woody Groundcovers

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Baccharis pilularis
Ceanothus sp.
Cotoneaster sp.
Juniperus horizontalis, other prostrate types
Rosemarinus officinallis